I don't do any direct research on racial profiling at all whatsoever. It's not my area of interest.
My current research is mainly concerned with police effectiveness in reducing crime, but also has survey data to examine that captures fear of crime, collective efficacy, and opinions of the police (both in general, and a subset of questions asked only of those stopped by the police during the intervention period--haven't looked at the data to see how many answered those questions yet as it just recently finished).
As you allude to, profiling is nearly impossible to definitively test empirically as there's not real data on why someone was stopped, looking at racial make ups of those stopped is tough without knowing the exact demographic make up of the area (including people just passing through etc). and so forth. So it's very difficult to get any real, empirical evidence.
So I don't concern myself trying to study with the type of profiling questions you're eluding to. I'm just interested in looking at bigger picture type issues. Did the policing strategy (broken windows based policing in this case) reduce perceptions of disorder? Did it reduce serious crime? Did it reduce fear of crime? (I found in a study published last year that it increased fear)? Did it improve or worsen opinions of police performance? Were their racial differences in changes in opinions of the police (or the other measures) before and after the crack down on disorder?
Those are what I look at in terms of collateral consequences, rather than the more specific profiling questions you seem interested in. More big picture stuff--did minorities stop think they were treated unfairly, while whites thought they were treated fairly? That's about as close to looking at profiling as I can get currently. And I'm not sure I have the interest in the topic to delve much deeper as I'm a policy oriented guy and mainly want to see if it works in making places safer and whether their are any blatant collateral consequences to be concerned with.
My current research is mainly concerned with police effectiveness in reducing crime, but also has survey data to examine that captures fear of crime, collective efficacy, and opinions of the police (both in general, and a subset of questions asked only of those stopped by the police during the intervention period--haven't looked at the data to see how many answered those questions yet as it just recently finished).
As you allude to, profiling is nearly impossible to definitively test empirically as there's not real data on why someone was stopped, looking at racial make ups of those stopped is tough without knowing the exact demographic make up of the area (including people just passing through etc). and so forth. So it's very difficult to get any real, empirical evidence.
So I don't concern myself trying to study with the type of profiling questions you're eluding to. I'm just interested in looking at bigger picture type issues. Did the policing strategy (broken windows based policing in this case) reduce perceptions of disorder? Did it reduce serious crime? Did it reduce fear of crime? (I found in a study published last year that it increased fear)? Did it improve or worsen opinions of police performance? Were their racial differences in changes in opinions of the police (or the other measures) before and after the crack down on disorder?
Those are what I look at in terms of collateral consequences, rather than the more specific profiling questions you seem interested in. More big picture stuff--did minorities stop think they were treated unfairly, while whites thought they were treated fairly? That's about as close to looking at profiling as I can get currently. And I'm not sure I have the interest in the topic to delve much deeper as I'm a policy oriented guy and mainly want to see if it works in making places safer and whether their are any blatant collateral consequences to be concerned with.